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Introduction: In this chapter, I discuss the history and current debates of archaeology in Mainland Southeast Asia to evaluate the past, present, and future of archaeological investigation within this region. I discuss the history of archaeological research during the pre- and post-World War II eras and major issues confronting archaeologists today, including evidence for early hominins, Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers, the forager-to-farmer transition, and the transition to metallurgy and complex societies.
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