| Abstract: |
The research explores whether Borobudur can be classified as a mandala, highlighting the complexities of its design and the symbolic goals aimed at by its creators. While Borobudur does not conform to the technical definition of a mandala due to its unique structures and narratives, there are undeniable similarities that suggest an intention to synthesize various symbolic systems within its architecture. The paper also discusses the role of the reliefs as not merely educational but as icons reflecting deeper meanings related to Mahayana Buddhist teachings.
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